The advances made in the synthesis and purposeful change of properties (electrophysical, especially) of the above materials in recent years allow them to be used as electrodes in various electrochemistry applications. Electrod es from diamond and diamondlike materials meet many of the above requirements. This review summarizes the electrochemical properties of diamond that make it a unique electrode material and that distinguish it from conventional carbon electrodes.Ī search for a corrosion resistant, electrochemically active electrode material with high electrocatalytic and stable operating characteristics is a pressing task of the electrochemistry. During the past several years, the field has attracted increasing attention. The first reports of electrochemical studies using diamond were in the mid-1980s. Diamond electrodes, fabricated by chemical vapor deposition, provide electrochemists with an entirely new type of carbon electrode that meets these requirements for a wide range of applications. These broad types of applications require stable, conductive, chemically robust, and economical electrodes. Three broad classes of electrochemical applications may be identified: (1) synthesis (or destruction), in which an applied potential is used to bring about a desired chemical oxidation or reduction reaction (2) analysis, in which the current/potential characteristics of an electrode are used to determine the type and concentration of a species and (3) power generation. AngusĮlectrochemical reactions typically involve electron transfer between an electrode and a dissolved chemical species at a solid-electrode/liquid-electrolyte interface. Characterization results are reported.Īpplications of Diamond Thin Films in Electrochemistry The dispersed Pt particles were extremely stable as no loss in the activity was observed after 2000 potential cycles between the oxygen and hydrogen evolution regimes in 0.1 M HClO4 (1-6 mA/cm(2)). Importantly, the Pt particles at the surface were in electronic communication with the current collecting substrate through the BDD matrix, and they were electroactive for underpotential deposition of hydrogen and oxidation of methanol. The active Pt metal loading was in the range of 200 to 400 ng/cm(2) (diamond electrode geometric area) however, the real catalyst loading was estimated to be near 0.1 mg/cm(2). The metal particles were well anchored and ranged from 10 to 500 nm in diam. These dimensionally stable and corrosion-resistant electrodes consisted of well-faceted microcrystallites with dispersed Pt particles incorporated into the surface region. Polycrystalline, boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films were codeposited with Pt particles on either conducting Si(100) or Pt (poly) substrates. We review the properties of these modifiers that make them good for the job and we looked at directions that researchers can pursue to further improve the sensitivity and selectivity of these modified electrodes. The sensitivity of each approach is covered for numerous examples and nanomaterial-modified electrodes typically offer superior performance over more standard electrodes. We survey the nanomaterials used to modify the electrodes used such as nanoparticles, nanowires, graphene, nanotubes and others used by researchers to detect these pollutants. We describe the different electrochemical techniques researchers have used in the past for the detection of these pollutants in different environmental matrices. These contaminants pose a threat to human and environmental wellbeing, hence the need for effective methods for the fast and sensitive detection of these contaminants in our ecosystems. The CECs are found in substances we all use in our daily lives such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flame retardants, personal care products, and so on. We discuss the development of electrode surfaces modified with nanostructures for the electrochemical detection of contaminants of environmental concern (CECs) in the environment.
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